Map of empires over time
Human Saga follows 163 empires, kingdoms and dynasties from 2700 BCE to the present day. Pick a year below to see which of them were standing at that moment, then open the live map to watch their borders on a world map. The map redraws borders from historical snapshots, so you can watch Rome, the Mongols, the Ottomans and many others grow and fall as you drag through time. Every empire is listed below by the era in which it began, with its dates and region. Each name links to a page with its story, key figures and sources. Use it to compare regions side by side, or to see who ruled where in a year that matters to you.
Ancient Civilizations c. 3300 to 800 BCE · 17 empires · see 1600 BCE on the map
- Elamite Kingdom2700 BCE to 539 BCE · West Asia
- Egyptian Old Kingdom2686 BCE to 2181 BCE · Africa
- Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilization2600 BCE to 1900 BCE · South Asia
- Akkadian Empire2334 BCE to 2154 BCE · West Asia
- Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (Oxus Civilization)2250 BCE to 1700 BCE · Central Asia
- Xia Dynasty2070 BCE to 1600 BCE · East Asia
- Old Babylonian Empire1894 BCE to 1595 BCE · West Asia
- Hittite Empire1650 BCE to 1178 BCE · West Asia
- Shang Dynasty1600 BCE to 1046 BCE · East Asia
- New Kingdom of Egypt1550 BCE to 1077 BCE · Africa
- Mitanni1500 BCE to 1300 BCE · West Asia
- Phoenician City-States1200 BCE to 539 BCE · West Asia
- Kingdom of Kush1070 BCE to 350 CE · Africa
- Zhou Dynasty1046 BCE to 256 BCE · East Asia
- Neo-Assyrian Empire911 BCE to 609 BCE · West Asia
- Kingdom of Urartu860 BCE to 590 BCE · West Asia
- Scythians800 BCE to 300 BCE · Central Asia
Classical Antiquity c. 800 BCE to 500 CE · 38 empires · see 209 BCE on the map
- Roman Kingdom753 BCE to 509 BCE · Europe
- Median Empire678 BCE to 550 BCE · West Asia
- Carthaginian Empire650 BCE to 146 BCE · Africa
- Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire626 BCE to 539 BCE · West Asia
- Achaemenid Empire550 BCE to 330 BCE · West Asia
- Roman Republic509 BCE to 27 BCE · Europe
- Zapotec State of Monte Albán500 BCE to 800 CE · Americas
- Odrysian Kingdom480 BCE to 46 CE · Europe
- Nanda Empire345 BCE to 322 BCE · South Asia
- Macedonian Empire (Alexander)336 BCE to 323 BCE · Europe
- Maurya Empire322 BCE to 185 BCE · South Asia
- Seleucid Empire312 BCE to 63 BCE · West Asia
- Antigonid Macedonia306 BCE to 168 BCE · Europe
- Ptolemaic Kingdom305 BCE to 30 BCE · Africa
- Kan Kingdom (El Mirador)300 BCE to 150 CE · Americas
- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom256 BCE to 125 BCE · Central Asia
- Parthian Empire247 BCE to 224 CE · West Asia
- Satavahana Dynasty230 BCE to 220 CE · South Asia
- Qin Dynasty221 BCE to 206 BCE · East Asia
- Xiongnu Confederation209 BCE to 93 CE · Central Asia
- Han Dynasty202 BCE to 220 CE · East Asia
- Kingdom of Numidia202 BCE to 25 BCE · Africa
- Pyu City-States200 BCE to 1050 CE · Southeast Asia
- Shunga Empire185 BCE to 73 BCE · South Asia
- Indo-Greek Kingdom180 BCE to 10 CE · South Asia
- Teotihuacan100 BCE to 750 CE · Americas
- Roman Empire27 BCE to 476 CE · Europe
- Kushan Empire30 CE to 375 CE · South Asia
- Kingdom of Funan50 CE to 550 CE · Southeast Asia
- Kingdom of Aksum100 CE to 940 CE · Africa
- Moche Culture100 CE to 700 CE · Americas
- Champa192 CE to 1832 CE · Southeast Asia
- Sassanid Empire224 CE to 651 CE · West Asia
- Classic Maya Civilization250 CE to 900 CE · Americas
- Jin Dynasty266 CE to 420 CE · East Asia
- Gupta Empire320 CE to 550 CE · South Asia
- Byzantine Empire330 CE to 1453 CE · Europe
- Hephthalite Empire440 CE to 560 CE · Central Asia
Post-Classical / Medieval c. 500 to 1500 CE · 69 empires · see 1056 CE on the map
- Tiwanaku550 CE to 1000 CE · Americas
- Göktürk Khaganate552 CE to 744 CE · Central Asia
- Dvaravati575 CE to 1100 CE · Southeast Asia
- Sui Dynasty581 CE to 618 CE · East Asia
- Wari Empire600 CE to 1100 CE · Americas
- Tang Dynasty618 CE to 907 CE · East Asia
- Tibetan Empire618 CE to 842 CE · Central Asia
- Rashidun Caliphate632 CE to 661 CE · West Asia
- Srivijaya650 CE to 1288 CE · Southeast Asia
- Khazar Khaganate650 CE to 969 CE · Central Asia
- Umayyad Caliphate661 CE to 750 CE · West Asia
- Ghana Empire700 CE to 1240 CE · Africa
- Kanem-Bornu Empire700 CE to 1900 CE · Africa
- Uyghur Khaganate744 CE to 840 CE · Central Asia
- Abbasid Caliphate750 CE to 1258 CE · West Asia
- Pala Empire750 CE to 1161 CE · South Asia
- Caliphate of Córdoba756 CE to 1031 CE · Europe
- Carolingian Empire800 CE to 888 CE · Europe
- Khmer Empire802 CE to 1431 CE · Southeast Asia
- Samanid Empire819 CE to 999 CE · Central Asia
- Chola Empire848 CE to 1279 CE · South Asia
- Pagan Kingdom (Bagan)849 CE to 1297 CE · Southeast Asia
- Kievan Rus'882 CE to 1240 CE · Europe
- Kingdom of Chimor (Chimú)900 CE to 1470 CE · Americas
- Tui Manuʻa Confederacy900 CE to 950 CE · Oceania
- Fatimid Caliphate909 CE to 1171 CE · Africa
- Liao Dynasty (Khitan Empire)916 CE to 1125 CE · East Asia
- Tuʻi Tonga Empire950 CE to 1865 CE · Oceania
- Toltec State (Tula)950 CE to 1168 CE · Americas
- Kilwa Sultanate957 CE to 1505 CE · Africa
- Song Dynasty960 CE to 1279 CE · East Asia
- Holy Roman Empire962 CE to 1806 CE · Europe
- Ghaznavid Empire977 CE to 1186 CE · Central Asia
- Seljuk Empire1037 CE to 1194 CE · West Asia
- Almoravid Empire1056 CE to 1147 CE · Africa
- Saudeleur dynasty1100 CE to 1628 CE · Oceania
- Jurchen Jin Dynasty1115 CE to 1234 CE · East Asia
- Almohad Caliphate1121 CE to 1269 CE · Africa
- Benin Empire1180 CE to 1897 CE · Africa
- Mongol Empire1206 CE to 1368 CE · Central Asia
- Delhi Sultanate1206 CE to 1526 CE · South Asia
- Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe1220 CE to 1450 CE · Africa
- Chagatai Khanate1226 CE to 1347 CE · Central Asia
- Mali Empire1235 CE to 1670 CE · Africa
- Sukhothai Kingdom1238 CE to 1438 CE · Southeast Asia
- Golden Horde1242 CE to 1502 CE · Central Asia
- Mamluk Sultanate1250 CE to 1517 CE · West Asia
- Ilkhanate1256 CE to 1335 CE · West Asia
- Solomonic dynasty1270 CE to 1974 CE · Africa
- Yuan Dynasty1271 CE to 1368 CE · East Asia
- Majapahit1293 CE to 1527 CE · Southeast Asia
- Ottoman Empire1299 CE to 1922 CE · West Asia
- Oyo Empire1300 CE to 1896 CE · Africa
- Vijayanagara Empire1336 CE to 1646 CE · South Asia
- Kingdom of Ayutthaya1351 CE to 1767 CE · Southeast Asia
- Lan Xang1353 CE to 1707 CE · Southeast Asia
- Ming Dynasty1368 CE to 1644 CE · East Asia
- Timurid Empire1370 CE to 1507 CE · Central Asia
- Kingdom of Kongo1390 CE to 1914 CE · Africa
- Malacca Sultanate1400 CE to 1511 CE · Southeast Asia
- Portuguese Empire1415 CE to 1999 CE · Europe
- Aztec Empire1428 CE to 1521 CE · Americas
- Lê Dynasty (Đại Việt)1428 CE to 1789 CE · Southeast Asia
- Inca Empire1438 CE to 1533 CE · Americas
- Songhai Empire1464 CE to 1591 CE · Africa
- Kazakh Khanate1465 CE to 1847 CE · Central Asia
- Spanish Empire1492 CE to 1976 CE · Europe
- Aceh Sultanate1496 CE to 1903 CE · Southeast Asia
- Khanate of Bukhara1500 CE to 1785 CE · Central Asia
Early Modern c. 1500 to 1800 CE · 20 empires · see 1636 CE on the map
- Safavid Empire1501 CE to 1736 CE · West Asia
- Toungoo Empire1510 CE to 1752 CE · Southeast Asia
- Mughal Empire1526 CE to 1857 CE · South Asia
- French Colonial Empire (First)1534 CE to 1814 CE · Europe
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth1569 CE to 1795 CE · Europe
- Dutch Empire1581 CE to 1975 CE · Europe
- British Empire1583 CE to 1997 CE · Europe
- Mataram Sultanate1587 CE to 1755 CE · Southeast Asia
- Tokugawa Shogunate1603 CE to 1868 CE · East Asia
- Dzungar Khanate1634 CE to 1758 CE · Central Asia
- Qing Dynasty1636 CE to 1912 CE · East Asia
- Maratha Empire1674 CE to 1818 CE · South Asia
- Comanche Empire (Comancheria)1700 CE to 1875 CE · Americas
- Ashanti Empire1701 CE to 1902 CE · Africa
- Russian Empire1721 CE to 1917 CE · Europe
- Durrani Empire1747 CE to 1823 CE · South Asia
- Merina Kingdom (Madagascar)1787 CE to 1897 CE · Africa
- Qajar Iran1789 CE to 1925 CE · West Asia
- Hawaiian Kingdom1795 CE to 1893 CE · Oceania
- Sikh Empire1799 CE to 1849 CE · South Asia
Modern c. 1800 to 1945 CE · 19 empires · see 1871 CE on the map
- First French Empire (Napoleon)1804 CE to 1814 CE · Europe
- Austrian Empire / Austria-Hungary1804 CE to 1918 CE · Europe
- Sokoto Caliphate1804 CE to 1903 CE · Africa
- Egypt (Muhammad Ali Dynasty)1805 CE to 1914 CE · Africa
- Zulu Kingdom1816 CE to 1897 CE · Africa
- Empire of Brazil1822 CE to 1889 CE · Americas
- French Colonial Empire (Second)1830 CE to 1962 CE · Europe
- Second Mexican Empire1864 CE to 1867 CE · Americas
- Empire of Japan1868 CE to 1947 CE · East Asia
- German Empire1871 CE to 1918 CE · Europe
- Italian Colonial Empire1882 CE to 1947 CE · Europe
- Belgian Colonial Empire1885 CE to 1962 CE · Europe
- Mahdist State (Sudan)1885 CE to 1899 CE · Africa
- Korean Empire1897 CE to 1910 CE · East Asia
- Republic of China1912 CE to 1949 CE · East Asia
- Yugoslavia1918 CE to 1992 CE · Europe
- Soviet Union1922 CE to 1991 CE · Europe
- Manchukuo1932 CE to 1945 CE · East Asia
- Nazi Germany (Third Reich)1933 CE to 1945 CE · Europe